2024外刊及中国日报精选文章改编：语法填空（答案+译文）
第一篇
世界首例！猪到人的异种肝移植临床手术在安徽完成
The world's fifth living-body alien organ transplant, the first liver transplant from a pig to a living human, was successfully completed by the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University on May 17,______ brings new hope to the over 140,000 domestic registered patients waiting for an organ transplant and the possibly higher number of unregistered people facing organ failure.
________ a living person can donate part of his or her liver without sacrificing his or her life, the operation in Anhui province is still a significant development because compatible(兼容的) liver sources are not that easy _______(find) and a liver transplant ________(involve) high medical costs and pain to get part of the liver from a donor. A liver transplant is even _________(complicated) than that of a heart and kidney that function as blood pump and water cycler respectively, as the liver is involved in metabolism, immunity, digestion and many more functions.
The Anhui hospital's transplant operation is ________(medical) considered a success because the transplanted pig liver is reportedly operating normally in the patient's body, secreting 200 millilitres of gall every day.
_______ fact that cannot be omitted(遗漏) is that in previous cases the patients in the United Kingdom and the United States who received heart and kidney transplants(移植的器官) _______ pigs all passed away within two months after receiving the organs. The transplant operations have still prolonged the patients' lives and sustained them without a rejection reaction after the transplant operations till their _______(death). Further, the transplanted liver in the domestic case had only 10 genes edited to prevent a rejection reaction, fewer than the transplanted hearts and kidneys in the US and UK cases, which shows that domestic medical experts may have developed a methodology that can support the patient's _______(survive) without changing the liver too much.
With the gene-editing technology aimed at "cutting" more gene clips that trigger a rejection reaction away from pig organs maturing, the risks of transplanted alien organs being rejected will be minimized and the technology will be applied more widely to save lives.
第二篇
社会：英格兰收养儿童的悲惨故事【经济学人】
The sorry story of children in care in England
JADE BARNETT learned that she was being moved from foster care(看护中心) into a children’s home a few years ago when she saw her possessions in the back of a taxi. The children’s home turned out ______(be) near Blackpool, in north-west England—330 kilometres from London, where she grew up and where the social workers who were meant to be looking after her were based. She expected to stay in the home for two weeks. It turned into one and a half years.
Some 84,000 children in England are in the care of local authorities _______their parents cannot look after them for one reason or another. In an extremely centralised(集中的) country, it is one of the few important responsibilities that those _______( institution) still have. Every year councils spend more money on the children in their care. Every year the system serves the country’s most vulnerable children less well.
Adult social care, including ________(nurse) homes for the old and frail, is notorious(臭名昭著的) for straining local authorities’ budgets. But spending on children in care is rising ________ a faster rate, says Roger Gough, the leader of Kent County Council. In England as a whole, local authorities spent more than 7bn ($8.6bn) on looked-after children in the 2022-23 fiscal year, a 36% increase in real terms ________(compare) with 2015-16. That squeezes budgets for everything else, including help for families not yet in crisis.
Over the ten years to 2023 the number of children in care swelled(增加) by 23%, or by 16% if you do not count unaccompanied children seeking asylum（庇护）, _______numbers have risen recently. And the children who enter the care system are becoming older and needier. Whereas(然而) young children tend to live with foster carers, older ones are more likely to end up in children’s homes; some require intensive, round-the-clock attention. Caring for them can be costly—sometimes amazingly costly.
The Local Government Association estimates that in the 2018-19 fiscal year, England had 120 children who were each costing local authorities at least 10,000 per week. By 2022-23 the number had jumped to 1,500. One explanation is that local authorities are now looking after some teenagers who might once have ended up in psychiatric wards（精神病病房） or young offenders’ institutions. Over the past two decades the number of children in custody________(go) from 2,800 to around 400, reflecting not only less youthful offending but also a growing reluctance(不情愿) to lock them up.
But the main reason for the increase in costs is economics. “It’s simply a supply-and-demand issue,” says Stuart Ashley, the head of children’s services for Hampshire County Council. England has too few foster carers _______ too few children’s homes. Councils end up competing for scarce places, with predictable consequences.
England has a “mixed model” of care (in Scotland the state plays a bigger role). About half of children________(place) in foster care by independent agencies, which charge local authorities for their services; four-fifths of children’s homes are privately run. To judge by the ratings they receive from inspectors, private homes are no worse than state ones. But they are often in the wrong places, because firms tend to build them where property is cheap (see map). North-West England has fewer inhabitants than London, but it has 746 children’s homes compared with 164 in the capital.
第三篇
经济：为什么花钱让妇女多生孩子是行不通的？【经济学人】
Why paying women to have more babies won’t work
AS BIRTH RATES plunge, many _______(political) want to pour money into policies that might lead women _______(have) more babies. Donald Trump has vowed(发誓) to dish out bonuses if he returns to the White House. In France, _______ the state already spends 3.5-4% of GDP on family policies each year, Emmanuel Macron wants to “demographically rearm(人口统计上的重新调整)” his country. South Korea is contemplating(考虑) handouts worth a staggering（难以置信的） $70,000 for each baby. Yet all these ________(attempt) are likely to fail, because they are built on a misapprehension(误解).
Governments’ concern is ________(understand). Fertility rates(生育率) are falling nearly everywhere and the rich world faces a severe(严重的) shortage of babies. At prevailing birth rates, the average woman in ______ high-income country today will have just 1.6 children over her lifetime. Every rich country except Israel has a fertility rate beneath the replacement level of 2.1, at which a population is stable without immigration. The decline(减少) over the past decade ________(be) faster than demographers(人口统计学) expected.
Doomsayers such as Elon Musk warn that these shifts threaten civilisation _______(it). That is ridiculous, but they will bring profound(深刻的) social and economic changes. A fertility rate of 1.6 means that, without immigration, each generation will be a quarter smaller than the one before it. In 2000 rich countries had 26 over-65-year-olds for every 100 people _______(age) 25-64. By 2050 that is likely to have doubled. The worst-affected places will see even more dramatic change. In South Korea, where the fertility rate is 0.7, the population is projected to fall by 60% _______ the end of the century.
The decision to have children is a personal one and should stay that way. But governments need to pay heed to rapid demographic shifts(人口变化). Ageing and shrinking societies will probably lose dynamism and military might. They will certainly face a ________(budget) nightmare(噩梦), as taxpayers(纳税人) struggle to finance the pensions(养老金) and health care of legions of oldies.
Many pro-natalist（ 亲出生主义者） policies come with effects that are valuable in themselves. Handouts for poor parents reduce child poverty（短缺）, for instance, and mothers who can afford child care are more likely to work. ________, governments are wrong to think it is within their power to boost fertility rates. For one thing, such policies ________(found) on a false diagnosis(判断) of what has so far caused demographic decline. For another, they could cost more than the problems they are designed to solve.
One common assumption is that falling fertility rates stem from professional women ________(put) off having children. The notion that they run out of time to have as many babies as they wish before their childbearing years(生育年龄) draw to a close explains why policies tend to focus on offering tax breaks and subsidised child care. That way, it is argued, women do not have to choose between their family and their career.
That is not the main story. University-educated women are indeed having children later in life, but only a little. In America their average age at the birth of their first child has risen from 28 in 2000 to 30 now. These women are having _______(rough) the same number of children as their peers did a generation ago. This is a little below what they say is their ideal family size, but the gap is no different from ________ it used to be.
答案
第一篇：Which Although to find involves more complicated medically A from deaths survival
第二篇：to be because institutions nursing at compared whose has gone and are placed
第三篇：politicians to have where attempts understandable a has been itself aged by budgetary However are founded putting roughly what
译文
第一篇：
5月17日，安徽医科大学第一附属医院成功完成了世界上第五次活体外来器官移植，这是第一次猪向活人的肝移植。这给等待14万多名器官移植的国内注册患者和可能更多面临器官衰竭的未登记患者带来了新的希望。
虽然一个活着的人可以捐赠他或她的肝脏的一部分而不牺牲他或她的生活，操作在安徽省仍然是一个重要的发展，因为兼容的肝脏来源不是那么容易找到和肝移植涉及高医疗费用和疼痛从捐献者的肝脏的一部分。肝脏移植甚至比心脏和肾脏的血泵和水循环功能更复杂，因为肝脏参与代谢、免疫、消化和更多的功能。
安徽医院的移植手术在医学上被认为是成功的，因为据报道，移植的猪肝在病人体内运行正常，每天分泌200毫升的胆汁。
一个不能忽略的事实是，在以前的病例中，英国和美国接受了猪的心脏和肾脏移植的患者都在接受猪的器官移植后的两个月内死亡。移植手术仍然延长了患者的生命，并在移植手术后没有发生排斥反应，直到他们死亡。进一步，国内移植肝脏情况下只有10基因编辑防止排斥反应，不到移植心脏和肾脏在美国和英国的情况下，这表明国内医学专家可能开发了一种方法，可以支持病人的生存而不改变肝脏太多。
随着基因编辑技术旨在“切割”更多的基因片段，从而触发排斥反应，远离猪器官的成熟，移植的外来器官被排斥的风险将被降到最小化，该技术将被更广泛地应用于拯救生命。
第二篇：
几年前，贾德·巴内特（Jade Barnett）在出租车的后座看到自己的物品时，得知自己即将从寄养家庭搬到儿童之家。儿童之家位于英格兰西北部的布莱克浦附近，距离她成长的伦敦有330公里，而她的社会工作者却在伦敦。她原本预计在那里待两周，结果却变成了一年半。
英格兰有84,000名儿童由地方政府照管，因为他们的父母出于各种原因无法照顾他们。在这个高度集权的国家，这是那些机构仍然拥有的为数不多的重要责任之一。每年，地方政府都会为收养儿童投入更多的资金。然而，每年该系统对国家最脆弱的儿童的服务却越来越不理想。
成人社会福利，包括为老年和虚弱的人提供的护理之家，以拉紧地方政府的预算而臭名昭著。但是，据肯特郡议会领导罗杰·高夫（Roger Gough）表示，对收养儿童的支出以更快的速度增长。整个英格兰的地方政府在2022-23财年花费了超过70亿英镑（86亿美元）用于照顾儿童，与2015-16财年相比，实际上增长了36%。这导致了对其他所有事物的预算挤压，包括尚未陷入危机的家庭的帮助。
在过去的十年里，收养儿童的数量增加了23%，如果不计算最近数量增加的无人陪同的寻求庇护的儿童的话，这个数字为16%。进入收养体系的儿童变得更年长、更需要照顾。尽管年幼的孩子往往与寄养家庭生活在一起，但年长的孩子更有可能进入儿童之家；有些需要密集的、全天候的关注。照顾他们可能是昂贵的，有时甚至是惊人的昂贵。
地方政府协会估计，在2018-19财年，英格兰有120名每周至少花费地方政府1万英镑的儿童。到2022-23财年，这个数字已经跃升至1,500名。一个解释是地方政府现在正在照顾一些曾经可能会被送入精神病医院或少年罪犯机构的青少年。在过去的二十年里，被关押的儿童数量已经从2,800人减少到大约400人，这不仅反映了青少年犯罪的减少，也反映了对他们进行拘禁的不愿意增加。
但是导致成本增加的主要原因是经济因素。“这只是一个供需问题，”汉普郡议会儿童服务部门负责人斯图尔特·阿什利（Stuart Ashley）表示。英格兰寄养家庭和儿童之家的数量都太少。地方政府最终为稀缺的位置竞争，结果可预见。
英格兰有一个“混合模式”的照料制度（在苏格兰，国家扮演更大的角色）。大约一半的儿童是由独立机构安置在寄养家庭中的，这些机构向地方政府收费；五分之四的儿童之家是由私人经营的。根据监察员的评分来判断，私人的儿童之家并不比公立的差。但它们通常位于错误的地方，因为公司倾向于在物业便宜的地方建造它们。西北英格兰的居民比伦敦少，但它有746个儿童之家，而伦敦只有164个。
第三篇：
随着出生率的骤降，许多政客希望将资金投入到可能导致妇女生育更多婴儿的政策中。Donald Trump曾发誓，如果他重返白宫，就会发放奖金。在法国，国家每年在家庭政策上的投入已经占到 GDP 的 3.5%-4%，埃马纽埃尔-马克龙（Emmanuel Macron）希望对国家进行 “人口重新武装”。韩国正在考虑为每个婴儿发放价值 7 万美元的补助金。然而，所有这些尝试都有可能失败，因为它们都建立在一种误解之上。
各国政府的担忧是可以理解的。几乎所有地方的生育率都在下降，富裕国家面临着严重的婴儿短缺问题。按照目前的生育率，当今高收入国家的妇女一生中平均只能生育 1.6 个孩子。除以色列外，每个富裕国家的生育率都低于 2.1 的更替水平，在更替水平上，如果没有移民，人口将保持稳定。过去十年的下降速度超过了人口学家的预期。
埃隆-马斯克（Elon Musk）等末日论者警告说，这些变化威胁着文明本身。这是荒谬的，但它们将带来深刻的社会和经济变革。1.6 的生育率意味着，如果没有移民，每一代人都将比上一代人少四分之一。2000 年，富裕国家每 100 个 25-64 岁的人中就有 26 个 65 岁以上的老人。到 2050 年，这一比例可能会翻一番。受影响最严重的地方将发生更加巨大的变化。在生育率为 0.7 的韩国，预计到本世纪末人口将减少 60%。
生不生孩子是个人的决定，也应该是个人的决定。但是，政府需要关注人口的快速变化。老龄化和萎缩的社会可能会失去活力和军事实力。它们肯定会面临预算噩梦，因为纳税人要努力为大批老年人的养老金和医疗保健提供资金。
许多有利于生育的政策所产生的效果本身是有价值的。例如，对贫困父母的救济可以减少儿童贫困，而能够负担得起托儿费用的母亲也更有可能工作。但是，如果政府认为自己有能力提高生育率，那就大错特错了。首先，这些政策是建立在对迄今为止造成人口减少的原因的错误判断之上的。其次，这些政策的代价可能会超过它们所要解决的问题。
一个常见的假设是，生育率下降源于职业女性推迟生育。她们没有时间在生育期结束前按自己的意愿多生几个孩子，这种观点解释了为什么政策倾向于把重点放在提供税收减免和儿童保育补贴上。有人认为，这样一来，妇女就不必在家庭和事业之间做出选择。
这并不是主要原因。受过大学教育的女性确实生育较晚，但只是晚了一点。在美国，她们生育第一个孩子的平均年龄从 2000 年的 28 岁上升到现在的 30 岁。这些女性的生育数量与一代人之前的同龄人大致相同。这比她们所说的理想家庭规模略低，但差距与过去并无不同。

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