2022学年八年级下牛津上海版英语首字母专练
Ⅰ. 首字母考点
首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确，又要使其符合短文内容与情景的需要，所给出的词首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识，还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和连词、代词、介词这几大词类。
能力考察
词汇量与具体运用能力（基础）
句子结构分析能力（确定词性和词形）
语义、语境分析能力（确定词义）
逻辑推断能力（确定词义）
前后文关键信息提取能力（更为准确确定词义）
解题思路
词性的判断（句法结构、词性的句法功能）
词义的判断（句意理解）
脑海中搜索符合相关条件的考纲词汇
复查（名词单复数、动词时态三单、形容词副词形式级别、固定搭配与文意等）
II.首字母练习
（一）
Have you ever heard of e-waste (电子垃圾) How do you deal with your MP4 players, mobile phones and your computers when they’re broken or you want a new one Most people just throw them away. With the development of electric industry, e-waste p__1__ has become a serious problem.
It is often cheaper to buy new products than to repair old o__2__. Also some companies always encourage people to change their old TVs, mobile phones and computers for the l__3__ models. E-waste is created when we throw away the old ones.
According to the United Nations, people around the world produced 41.8 million tons of e-waste and only recycled less than 20% of it. The US was the b__4__ waster, producing 7.1 million tons.
Burying e-waste or burning it causes serious problems for the environment. So it is i__5__ to pay attention to e-waste. It can either be valuable or harmful, depending on how we deal with it. E-waste is a valuable urban mine (都市矿藏). The value of the metals, like gold and silver is amazing. And the metals can be reused. But if people throw them away, the toxic (有毒的) chemicals can g__6__ into the earth or air. They will affect the environment and people’s health.
Now, Apple Company, for example, recycles people’s used products in China when they are buying new ones. The company will test and repair the used ones and s__7__ them at lower prices. To reduce e-waste, we can also take computers and phones to see whether companies can offer recycling programs.
1. ________2. ________3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ________6. ________7. ______
1. pollution 2. ones 3. latest 4. biggest 5. important 6. get 7. sell
（二）
Trees clean the air, soil and water, making the Earth a livable place. If you want to save trees, you can help by protecting those that grow in your o__1__ neighbourhood, and planting more when you see trees cut down. Efficient use of paper p__2__ is important, too. If you truly care about saving trees, consider getting involved in an organization working to save the world’s remaining forests.
Trees i__3__ air quality, reduce erosion and absorb noise. Big trees protect cities from getting too h__4__ by cooling the environment through shade and evaporation (蒸发). W__5__ trees, urban areas experience what’s called a heat island effect, with streets and buildings retaining heat and forcing people to use extra power to cool their homes.
As a general rule, large, mature (成熟的) trees provide more benefits than small, y__6__ trees. That’s why it’s important to save as many older trees as possible.
Learning about proper tree maintenance (保养) will help you become a b__7__ advocate (提倡者) for trees. If you know how to take care of trees, you can educate people around you.
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______
1. own 2. products 3. improve 4. hot 5. Without 6. young 7. Better
(三)
Tropical rainforests (热带雨林) provide the richest habitat on Earth for l__1__ things. They only c__2__ 11 percent of the planet’s land surface but contain over half its plant and animal species. Rainforests are found around the Equator, in regions with a hot temperature all the year round and heavy daily rainfall. The rainforests are found in South America, Central Africa, South Asia and Pacific islands.
The rainforest grows in a series of layers, reaching up to the light. Trees can grow to h__3__ of 25—45 metres. Their tops form the canopy (树冠层), which acts as a ceiling for the whole forest. It shields (保护) the forest against soil erosion from heavy rain. Some trees grow above the canopy to form an emergent layer (露生层). The further down the forest you go, the d__４__ it gets. Only 2 percent of sunlight actually reaches the ground because of the thick vegetation higher up.
The rainforest depends on the thin layer of soil for its food. If the trees are c__5__ down, the soil quickly becomes barren (贫瘠的) and unable to support plant life again. It reverts to desert. At present the rainforests are being d__6__ at an alarming rate. Perhaps 50 rainforest species are becoming extinct every day. The tribal people who live in the forests are being displaced (迫使离开家园). Forest destruction is one cause of the warming of the w__7__ planet.
1. ________2. ________3. ______ 4. ______5. ________6. ________7. ______
1. living 2. cover 3. heights 4. darker 5. cut 6. destroyed 7. whole
（四）
Forests have always been useful and important to men who make use of them in many ways. Every day trees are serving men everywhere. Trees supply men with fruit and building m__1__ in the form of wood. Without trees it would be impossible to build houses, boats, bridges and so on. F__2__ such as desks, chairs and beds is made of wood. Trees can stop men from terrible heat. They’re also useful in p__3__ good and rich top soil from being washed away during heavy rains.
If there were no trees, heavy rains would wash away the rich surface soil that is so i__4__ to plants. The result is that the land will become a desert. There are plenty of desert areas in the world. A long time ago these desert areas used to be very r__5__ areas, but men in the past didn’t have enough knowledge about science of nature. They c__6__ down too many trees in the area where they lived and never planted new ones. By and by the surface soil was blown and washed away by strong w__7__ and heavy rains. In the end the land changed into useless deserts where nothing could grow.
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______
1. materials 2. Furniture 3. preventing 4. important 5. rich 6. cut 7. winds
（五）
Not all heavy children have weight problems like adults. However, as children get older, their c__1__ for staying overweight (超重) goes up. The chance is even higher if one or both parents are also overweight. It’s important to work on weight problems early.
Why is a healthy weight important If you are too heavy, you’re at an increased chance of a number of serious illnesses, e__2_ heart disease. Maybe you also suffer from other problems. For example, you may not sleep well.
The best way to l__3__ weight is to eat more healthy food and to exercise more. Be p__4__—it may take a long time. Don’t stop yourself from eating, b__5__ you have to eat healthier food. Get the whole family to eat healthily, and it will be good for e__6__. When you go to the supermarket, look at the foods and try to buy those that are low in fat.
Do more exercises!Too much Internet, computer games, and TV stop kids from taking part in sports. Parents should ask kids to join in sports and other physical a__7__ like dancing, running, etc.
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______
1. chance 2. especially 3. lose 4. patient 5. but 6. everyone / everybody 7. activities
（六）
For 300 years, the Slims River had been flowing through Canada’s Yukon region (地区). But last year, in only four days, the water in the big river reduced sharply, which made the river almost disappear. What happened
After a year of careful studies, a group of s__1__ recently said that the sudden change of the river was caused by climate change. The Slims River u__2__ to be a big river, reaching up to 150 metres at its widest points. It carried melted water from the huge Kaskawulsh glacier (冰川) into the Kluane River, then into the Yukon River toward the Bering Sea.
But in spring 2016, there was a sharp melting of the Kaskawulsh glacier because of climate change. It made the melt water r__3__ in a different direction, and into a second river, the Alsek River, then into the Gulf of Alaska. It is thousands of kilometres away.
In geography, it is called “river piracy (河流袭夺)”. Although it was not unusual in ancient times, this is the first time it has happened under scientists’ noses in m__４__ times. The Slims River is almost dry now, which also takes away the clean air in the region because s__５__ wind blows up all the dust in the river bed. Fish have already swum to other rivers. And sheep from Kluane National Park are now coming d__６__ to eat the fresh plants.
Lonnie Thompson, a scientist from Ohio State University, the US, said that we could hardly feel the effects of climate change in our daily l__７__, but the case of the Slims River showed what would happen when gradual temperature increased.
1. ________2. ________3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ________6. ________7. ______
1. scientists 2. used 3. run 4. modern 5. strong 6. down 7. life
（七）
Without water at lunchtime
One day at Bluesea Middle School in Hong Kong, about 450 students and teachers had to water at l__1__. They were in a meeting to learn about s__2__ water. The school also collected about HK$10,000. The money would be used to plant 1,880 trees at the heads of the Yangtze River and Yellow River.
The local director of “Friends of the Earth”, Ms Wong explained that one third of the world’s population still did not have enough water for all their needs. Ms Wong said she had visited the heads of the two rivers three times in the past year. “I had expected them to be clean places, as they are at the t_3_ of the rivers. However, sadly I found that they were polluted seriously, even worse than a few years ago.”
Ms Wong said that if everyone helped save water, the situation would get a little
b_4__. She hoped that everyone could do something for saving water. One of the students who a__5__ the meeting said, “I’m pleased I came to the meeting. Now I can remember how a third of the population lives. I think I’ll try and c__6__ some of my habits, for example, when I brush my teeth, I don’t leave the tap running but use just a glass of water i__7__.”
1. ______2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______
1. lunchtime 2. saving 3. top 4. better 5. attended 6. change 7. instead
（八）
The main differences in climate of mountains are temperature and moisture (水分).
The Weather on Mountains
Mountain weather conditions can change very quickly from one hour to the next. For example, in just a few m__1__ a thunder- storm can come when the sky is perfectly clear, and in just a few hours the temperature can d__２__ from very hot temperatures to temperatures that are below freezing.
The Rainfall on Mountains
They receive more rainfall than low-lying areas because the temperature on the top of mountains is l__３__ than the temperature at the sea level.
Winds carry wet air over the land. When air reaches the mountains, it rises because the mountains are in the way. As the air rises, it cools and because cool air can carry less moisture than w__４__ air, there is usually rain.
The Climate on Mountains
The climate on a mountain varies depending on how high you are up a mountain. At the foothills there may be a tropical (热带的) climate, at the same t__５__ the peaks may be covered with ice. The top of mountains is often bare rock and snow. Tibet and the Himalayas and o__６__ mountain ranges (山脉) such as the Rocky Mountains or the Andes are good examples of this.
The Snow on the Top of Mountains
You can often see snow on the top of mountains all year round, because the temperature at the top of mountains is lower than at the bottom. The higher the place is, the colder it will be.
Some mountains r__７__ higher than the clouds. At this altitude (高度) the extreme cold and high winds cause blizzards (暴风雪).
1. ________2. ________3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ________6. ________7. ______
1. minutes 2. drop 3. lower 4. warm 5. time 6. other 7. reach
（九）
Many teenagers have problems that worry them. Some do not learn their school subjects well. Some are good at learning and do well in exams, but they are doing so poorly in sports t__1__ their classmates call them “bookworms”. So many teenagers suffer from stress. The good news is that there are some simple ways to d__2__ with stress.
Firstly, eating a h__3__ diet, getting enough sleep and doing exercise are very important.
For schoolwork, planning ahead can help. Making a l__4__ of the things that need to be done and planning when to do them can help students organize the time. If you are weak in a subject, you should s__5__ more time on it and ask a teacher for help.
Students should pay no attention to people who laugh at them. I__6__, they should think about the things they are good.
Then students should also make enough time for their h__7__. Playing sports, reading and watching films help them relax.
Finally, it is suitable for teenagers to share their problems with their friends and parents.
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______
1. that 2. do / deal 3. healthy 4. list 5. spend 6. Instead 7. Hobbies
（十）
It’s hard to imagine life without electricity. In our homes, we depend on it to p__1__ our lights, appliances, and electronics. Many of us also use electricity to provide our homes with hot water, heat, and air c__2__. There are many ways to use less electricity right now!
Fight the light!
Don’t l__3__ lights on when no one is in the room. If you are going to be out of the room for more than five minutes, turn off the light.
If you know of a light that everyone forgets to turn off, make a sticker or a s__4__ that says “Lights Out!” or “Don’t Forget!” to hang next to the s__5__.
In the bedroom
Turn off your electric blanket when you aren’t in b__6__.
In the bathroom
Wasting water wastes electricity. Why Because the biggest use of electricity in most cities is supplying water and cleaning it up after it’s been used! Another simple way to save water and energy is to take shorter s__7__. You’ll use less hot water—and water heaters account for nearly 1/4 of your home’s energy use.
1. ________2. ________3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ________6. ________7. ______
1. power 2. conditioning 3. leave 4. sign 5. switch 6. bed 7. showers
（十一）
Before the invention of electricity, people had to make energy wherever and whenever they needed it. Thus, they had to make wood or coal fire to heat their homes or cook food. The invention of electricity c__1__ all that. It means energy could be made in one place then supplied over long distances to wherever it is needed. People no longer have to w__2__ about making energy for heating or cooking: all they have to do is to plug in and switch o__3__—and the energy is there as soon as they want it.
A__4__ good thing about electricity is that it’s like a common “language” that all modern appliances can “speak”. You can run a car using the energy in gasoline (汽油), or you can cook food on a barbecue in your garden using charcoal (炭), t__5__ you can’t run your car on charcoal or cook food with gasoline. But electricity is quite different. You can cook with it, run cars with it, heat your home with it, and charge your cellphones with it. This is the great beauty and the p__6__ of electricity: it’s energy for everyone, everywhere, and a__7__.
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______
1. changed 2. worry 3. on 4. Another 5. though 6. power 7. Anytime
（十二）
We are lucky to live in a rich country where we have many things. However, most of us usually waste some things.
Electricity is one thing that we waste most. Lights, TVs, r__1__ and other things are often kept on even when no one is using them. We should t__2__ them off when we do not need them. It takes less than a second to do it. Anyhow, not wasting electricity saves m__3__, because we do not have to pay for the electricity we do not use.
The second thing that we often waste is water. Fresh water is p__4__, so it shouldn’t be wasted. It is only a simple matter of turning off a tap. I am sure anyone can do this e__5__ if he wants to.
Another big waste is food. My mother used to cook so much food that much of it was t__6__ away. I told her we had wasted so much food. She thought I was right and now cooks only what we can eat.
It is bad to be wasteful. I f__7__ there is a simple way of not wasting things. That is to use only what we need. Do not touch what we do not need. In this way we can stop being wasteful.
1. ________2. ________3. ______ 4. ______5. ________6. ________7. ______
1. radios 2. turn 3. money 4. precious 5. easily 6. thrown 7. find
（十三）
Energy is an important part in our daily lives. Energy causes things to happen around us. Energy can be found in a number of different f__1__. It can be electrical energy, heat energy, light energy and sound energy.
We use energy to work. Energy lights our cities. Energy w__2__ our homes, cooks our food, plays our music, gives us pictures on TV.
Energy from the Sun gives us light d__3__ the day. It dries our clothes when they’re hanging outside on a clothes line. It helps plants grow. Energy s__4__ in plants is eaten by animals, giving them energy.
Everything we do is c__5__ to energy in one form or another.
The food we eat c__6__ energy. When we eat, our bodies transform the energy stored in the food into energy to do work. When we run or walk, we “burn” food energy in our bodies. When we think, read or write, we are also using energy. Many times it’s r__７__ hard work!
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______
1. forms 2. warms 3. during 4. stored 5. connected 6. contains 7. really
（十四）
How do you light up the night sky The answer is by using electricity. But did you know that nature can glow, too
Scientists have found many glowing creatures. Most of them live in the ocean. Some use their lights to talk to each other. O__1__ use them to hunt or to protect t_2__.
Scientists around the world are looking at this kind of light for new i__3__. In 2013, the US company Gleaux said it had created the world’s first light-producing plant. It is a genetically-modified (转基因的) plant. It can glow like a firefly.
Alexander, the company’s founder, and other scientists hope that in the future, glowing plants could r__4__ lamps and glowing trees could line highways. Krichevsky a__5_ hopes the technology could be used in farming. Farmers could know when their crops need water or are ready to be picked if they glow.
While Gleaux is working o__6_ glowing plants, the French company Glowee is trying to use glowing bacteria (细菌) to light up shop windows and street signs.
“Our goal is to learn the way we produce and use light,” said Glowee. “We want to help reduce the 19 percent of e__7__ consumption (消耗量) that is used to produce light.”
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6.______ 7. ______
1. Others 2. themselves 3. ideas / inventions 4. replace 5. also 6. on 7. electricity
（十五）
Do you want to live another 100 years or more Some experts say that scientific advances will one day e____ 1____ humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural limit of the human life span.
"I think we are knocking at the door of immortality (永生)," said Michael Zey, a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future. "I think by 2075 we will see it and that's a conservative estimate (保守的估计)."
At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology (纳米技术) make it l____ 2____ that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past. "There is a great push so that people can live from I20 to 180 years," he said. "Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years."
H____ 3____, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years. Even with h____ 4____ lifestyles and less disease, they say f____ 5____ of the brain and organs will finally lead all humans to death.
Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live." It remains to be seen if you pass 120, you know; could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life " said Leonard Poon, director of the University of Georgia Gerontology Centre. "At p____ 6____ people who could get to that point are not in good health at all."
As we all know, health is more important than wealth. Everyone wants to keep healthy. It is n____7____ for us to have a healthy lifestyle. So we should do more exercise. We should sleep for 8 hours every night. A good sleep can keep us active during the daytime. We should eat a lot of fruits and vegetables. Eating them is good for our health. So you see, If we take good care of our health, our healthy lifestyle helps us get good grades. I hope that all people can have a healthy lifestyle and live at least 120 years.
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6.______ 7. ______
1. enable 2. likely 3. However 4. healthier 5. failure 6. present 7. necessary

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