2023届高考英语二轮阅读理解专题之科普知识类说明文（含参考答案、核心词汇背诵默写版、参考译文）
A篇
Every person yawns. So do many other vertebrate (有脊椎的) animals, including snakes, dogs, cats, sharks, and chimpanzees. While yawning is contagious (会传染的), not everyone catches a yawn. Around 60-70% of people yawn if they see another person yawn in real life or in a photo or even read about yawning. Contagious yawning also occurs in animals, but it doesn’t necessarily work the same way as in people.
Scientists have proposed many theories for why we catch yawns. Probably the most popular theory is that yawning serves as a form of nonverbal communication. Catching a yawn shows you’re accustomed to a person’s emotions. Scientific evidence comes from a 2010 study at the University of Connecticut, which concluded yawning does not become contagious until a child is about four years old when empathy (共情) skills develop. In the study, children with autism, who may have impaired empathy development, caught yawns less often than their peers.
Studying contagious yawning in other animals may provide clues to how people catch yawns. Contagious yawning in animals may serve as a means of communication. Siamese fighting fish yawn when they see their mirror image or another fighting fish, generally just prior to an attack.
Contagious yawning is linked to temperature, in both animals and people. Most scientists speculate it is a thermoregulatory behavior, while some researchers believe it is used to communicate a potential threat or stressful situation. A 2010 study of budgerigars (虎皮鹦鹉) found that yawning increased as temperature was raised near body temperature.
People commonly yawn when tired or bored. Similar behavior is seen in animals. One study found the brain temperature in sleep deprived rats was higher than their core temperature. Yawning reduced brain temperature, possibly improving brain function. Researchers will do further study on this.
What can we learn about yawning from Paragraph 1
A．All animals yawn.
B．Reading about yawning may make a person yawn.
C．Only vertebrate animals yawn.
D．Yawning works the same for human and animals.
2. Why does the author mention children with autism in Paragraph 2
A．To prove a theory.
B．To define a concept
C．To develop the theme.
D．To provide the background.
3. Siamese fighting fish yawn to ________.
A．show kindness.
B．find a partner.
C．give a threat.
D．escape from danger.
4. What can be inferred from the passage
A．More research in yawning will be carried out in the future.
B．Temperature is not a factor concerning yawning.
C．The secret to yawing has been worked out.
D．Yawning can improve brain function greatly.
B篇
Using the power of artificial intelligence (AI) , scientists have revealed new insights into the creation and destruction of mass extinction. Contrary to conventional knowledge, their study suggests that larger extinctions are not always a form of "creative destruction" that allows new organisms (生物体) to radiate and evolve. Instead, it suggests that mass extinction is rarely associated with new species of radiation.
Dr. Hoyal Cuthill, the lead study author from the University of Essex in the UK and the Tokyo Institute of Technology, said in a statement, “Some of the most challenging things to understand the history of life are the vast timelines involved and the number of species. New machine learning applications can help us understand this information in human-readable form. This means that we can, so to speak, hold the evolution of half a billion years in the palm of our hand and gain new insights from what we see.”
They concluded that mass extinction and later radiation were not connected as previously thought. Within 5 percent of the most significant periods of disruption (中断), AI detected “big five” mass extinctions, seven more mass extinctions, two mass extinction-radiation events, and 15 mass radiations. Most importantly, it discovers that massive radiation and extinction rarely occurred with each other, changing the view that greater extinction leads to a kind of deep cycle-like species radiation of nature. It appears that larger extinctions are certainly not the engine of evolutionary radiation. Take the Cambrian eruption for example and it was about 41 million years ago when a large group of animals first appeared on the record of the first fossil record and the dawn of a high mobile animal equipped with modern physical features.
This new study found that a handful of other notable explosions of biodiversity, including the Cambrian eruption, usually occurred at a time when they were largely isolated (隔离) from extinction. Dr. Nicholas Guttenberg, a study co-author from the Tokyo Institute of Technology explained, “Ecosystems are dynamic and you don't need anything to exist to allow something new to appear.”
1. What does the first paragraph serve as
A. An explanation of artificial intelligence.
B. A background of researchers' study.
C. The reasons for creative destruction.
D. The result of researchers' new study.
2. What can we infer from Dr. Hoyal Cuthill's words
A. AI contributes a lot to the study of evolution.
B. Understanding the history of life is very difficult.
C. New AI machines learn applications better.
D. Biological evolution can be controlled easily.
3. What is the researchers' discovery
A. Mass extinction is unlikely to cause evolutionary radiation.
B. The first animal with modern features occurred during eruption.
C. The volcanic eruption led to a mass extinction and radiation.
D. The idea of deep cycle-like species radiation has turned out true.
4. What is the text mainly about
A. New processes of biological evolution.
B. New view of radiation from natural species.
C. New understanding of mass extinction.
D. New outbreaks of biological populations.
C篇
Midway through The Matrix, Cypher feasts on an enormous steak, well aware that his reality is not real, part of a digital program telling his brain that the steak is a construction and that it is “juicy and delicious.” Two decades after the movie made its first appearance, something unexpected arises: The future of reality will not only be virtual but also synthetic (合成的). Cypher’s future meal will be a physical one, synthesized from animal cells.
And the synthesis goes beyond dinner. Starting with components from the natural world, scientists are learning to engineer microorganisms and build biocomputing systems. However, biology has a tendency to evolve in unexpected ways.
Synthesized meat is one case in point. The driving forces behind the meat movement are practical. It has been estimated that cultured (培育的) meat would require 7 to 45 percent less energy and produce 78 to 96 percent less greenhouse gas than conventional animals farmed for consumption. But once we’re able to synthesize meat, theoretically, we’ll have the capability to culture meat from any animal, even those we’d never consider eating today, like dolphins or chimpanzees, which will pose a new regulatory challenge for us.
Using synthetic biology, we can even edit and rewrite life, the technology of which are already in use. In 2021, scientists in some countries announced they had grown monkey embryos injected with human stem cells. Here comes the situation worth considering: such a monkey-human hybrid will demonstrate qualities that are somewhere between humans, on which experimentation isn’t allowed, and animals, which are often raised specifically for research. How will we decide when an animal becomes too human
Depending on where you stand, the synthetic realities land somewhere between “really exciting” and “critically concerning.” As individuals, we undertake a shared responsibility to make good choices about this coming synthetic technology.
What do we know about Cypher’s steak in the movie
A．It is anything but appetizing.
B．It is enjoyed in a virtual world.
C．It is synthesized from animal cell.
D．It is a construction made by himself.
2. What’s the advantage of synthesized meat
A．It is more nutritious.
B．It is more energy-consuming.
C．It is more environment-friendly.
D．It is more controllable in regulation.
3. What is the author’s attitude to the experiment in Paragraph 4
A．Cautious. B．Favorable. C．Pessimistic. D．Indifferent.
4. What is the purpose of the text
A．To popularize synthetic technology.
B．To indicate challenges of synthetic technology.
C．To stress the importance of synthetic technology.
D．To introduce the development of synthetic technology.
参考答案A
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A
参考答案B
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.C
参考答案C
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B
核心词汇A
1.yawn/j n/v.打哈欠 2.shark n.鲨鱼
3.contagious/k n te d s/adj.传染的
4.propose v.提议- proposal n.提议
5.theory n.理论 6.verbal&oral adj.口头的
7.be accustomed to doing sth 8.impair/ m pe (r)/v.损害，削弱
9.peer n.同龄人 10.clue n.线索
11.serve as a means of communication充当交流的手段
12.mirror image 镜像 13.prior to...先于......
14.speculate/ spekjule t/v.猜测
15.a potential threat/buyer/customer潜在的危险/买家/顾客
16.a stressful situation
17.deprive/d pra v/ v.剥夺，使丧失
18.core n.核心，果核
19.brain function大脑功能 20.concerning prep.关心
1.yawn/j n/v._____ 2.shark n._____
3.contagious/k n te d s/adj.______
4.propose v.提议- ________ n.提议
5.theory n._____ 6._______&oral adj.口头的
7.be accustomed ____(do) sth 8.______/ m pe (r)/v.损害，削弱
9._____ n.同龄人 10._____ n.线索
11.serve as ___ means of communication充当交流的手段
12.mirror image _____ 13.prior ___...先于......
14.________/ spekjule t/v.猜测
15.a potential threat/buyer/customer潜在的_____/____/_____
16.a ________(stress) situation
17.________/d pra v/ v.剥夺，使丧失
18._______ n.核心，果核
19.brain function_______ 20.________(concern) prep.关于
核心词汇B
1.reveal v.揭露 2.insight into...对......的洞悉
3.destruction n.破坏 4.mass extinction 大规模灭绝
5.contrary to conventional knowledge和传统知识相反
6.organism/ ɡ n z m/ n.生物，有机体 organic/ ɡ n k/adj.有机的
7.radiate/ re die t/v.流露，辐射
8.evolve v.进化- evolution n.进化- evolutionary adj.进化的
9.be associated with...和......有关 10.timeline n.时间轴
11.so to speak也就是说 12.palm/pɑ m/n.手掌
13.conclude- conclusion n.结论 14.massive adj.大规模的
15.it appears that…看来 16.engine n.动力，引擎
17.fossil/ f s( )l/n.化石 18.the dawn of civilization文明的开端
19.a handful of...少量的 20.notable adj.显著的
21.explode- explosion n.爆炸 22.co- author联名作者
23.ecosystem/ i k s st m/ n.生态系统
24.dynamic/da n m k/adj.动态的，充满活力的
1._______ v.揭露 2.insight _____...对......的洞悉
3.destruction n.破坏 4.mass extinction ________
5.contrary ____ conventional knowledge和传统知识相反
6.organism/ ɡ n z m/ n.________ organic/ ɡ n k/adj.______
7.radiate/ re die t/v.__________
8.evolve v.进化- ________ n.进化- _________ adj.进化的
9.be associated ____...和......有关 10.timeline n.______
11.so to speak________ 12._______/pɑ m/n.手掌
13.conclude- ________n.结论 14._______ adj.大规模的
15.it appears that…看来... 16_______ n.动力，引擎
17.fossil/ f s( )l/n._____ 18.the _____ of civilization文明的开端
19.a handful of...少量的 20._______(note) adj.显著的
21.explode- _______ n.爆炸 22.co- author联名作者
23.ecosystem/ i k s st m/ n.________
24._________/da n m k/adj.动态的，充满活力的
核心词汇C
1.feast on ...尽情享受 2.enormous/ n m s/adj.巨大的
3.construction/k n str k n/n.建设 4.juice- juicy taste- tasty
5.component/k m p n nt/n.成分 6.have a tendency to do sth 趋势，倾向
7.evolve- evolution - evolutionary 8.in an unexpected way
9.a driving force 动力 10.it is estimated that…
11.conventional adj.传统的 12.consume- consumption n.消费
13.theory- theoretical adj.理论上的 14.capable- capability n.能力
15.have the capability to do sth 16.consider doing sth
17.pose a new threat/challenge 18.edit v.编辑- editor n.编辑
19.inject/ n d ekt/ v.注射 20.embryo/ embri / n.胚胎
21.popular- popularize v.普及 22.stem cells 干细胞
23.demonstrate v.展示 24.hybrid/ ha br d/n.混合物，杂种
25.undertake a shared responsibility承担共同责任
1.feast ____ ...尽情享受 2.__________/ n m s/adj.巨大的
3._________/k n str k n/n.建设 4.juice-_____ taste- ______
5.________/k m p n nt/n.成分 6.have a _______ to do sth 趋势，倾向
7.evolve- evolution - _________ 8.___ an unexpected way
9.a driving force 动力 10.___ is estimated that…
11._________ adj.传统的 12.consume- _________ n.消费
13.theory- theoretical adj._____ 14.capable- _________ n.能力
15.have the capability___(do) sth 16.consider ______(do) sth
17.____ a new threat/challenge 18.edit v.编辑- ______ n.编辑
19._____/ n d ekt/ v.注射 20.embryo/ embri / n.______
21.popular- __________ v.普及 22.stem cells ______
23.__________ v.展示 24.hybrid/ ha br d/n.混合物，杂种
25.undertake a ______(share) responsibility承担共同责任
参考译文A
每个人都会打哈欠。许多其他脊椎动物(有脊椎的)也是如此，包括蛇、狗、猫、鲨鱼和黑猩猩。虽然打哈欠是会传染的(会传染的)，但并不是每个人都会打哈欠。大约60-70%的人会在现实生活中、照片中看到别人打哈欠，甚至是读到关于打哈欠的文章时也会打哈欠。传染性哈欠也会发生在动物身上，但它的作用方式不一定与人类相同。
科学家们提出了很多理论来解释为什么我们会打哈欠。也许最流行的理论是打哈欠是一种非语言交流的形式。打哈欠表明你已经习惯了一个人的情绪。科学证据来自康涅狄格大学(University of Connecticut) 2010年的一项研究，该研究得出结论，直到孩子四岁左右，同理心(共情)技能发展起来，哈欠才会传染。在这项研究中，患有自闭症的儿童，他们的共情发展可能受损，打哈欠的次数比同龄人要少。
研究其他动物打哈欠的传染性可能会为人类如何感染哈欠提供线索。动物传染性哈欠可能是一种交流方式。暹罗斗鱼在看到自己的镜像或其他斗鱼时打哈欠，通常是在攻击之前。
传染性哈欠与温度有关，动物和人都是如此。大多数科学家推测这是一种体温调节行为，而一些研究人员认为这是用来传达潜在威胁或压力情况的。2010年对虎皮鹦鹉的一项研究(虎皮鹦鹉)发现，随着温度接近体温的升高，哈欠也会增加。
人们通常在疲劳或无聊时打哈欠。动物也有类似的行为。一项研究发现，睡眠不足的大鼠的大脑温度高于它们的核心温度。打哈欠会降低大脑温度，可能会改善大脑功能。研究人员将对此进行进一步研究。
参考译文B
利用人工智能(AI)的力量，科学家们对大规模灭绝的产生和破坏有了新的见解。与传统知识相反，他们的研究表明，更大的灭绝并不总是一种允许新生物(生物体)辐射和进化的“创造性破坏”形式。相反，它表明，物种大灭绝很少与新种类的辐射有关。
来自英国埃塞克斯大学和东京工业大学的主要研究作者霍亚尔·库希尔博士在一份声明中说:“了解生命历史最具挑战性的一些事情是涉及的巨大时间线和物种的数量。新的机器学习应用程序可以帮助我们以人类可读的形式理解这些信息。这意味着，可以说，我们可以把5亿年的进化掌握在我们的手掌上，并从我们所看到的东西中获得新的见解。”
他们得出的结论是，物种大灭绝和后来的辐射并不像之前认为的那样有联系。在最严重的破坏时期的5%内(中断)，人工智能检测到“五大”大规模灭绝，七次大规模灭绝，两次大规模灭绝-辐射事件，以及15次大规模辐射。最重要的是，它发现大规模的辐射和灭绝很少同时发生，改变了更大的灭绝导致一种深周期的自然物种辐射的观点。看来，更大的灭绝肯定不是进化辐射的引擎。以寒武纪大爆发为例，大约在4100万年前，第一批化石记录上首次出现了一大群动物，同时具有现代身体特征的高移动动物开始出现。
这项新研究发现，少数其他值得注意的生物多样性大爆发，包括寒武纪大爆发，通常发生在它们基本上与灭绝隔离的时期(隔离)。来自东京工业大学的研究合著者尼古拉斯·古滕贝格博士解释说:“生态系统是动态的，你不需要任何东西存在就能让新事物出现。”
参考译文C
在《黑客帝国》中，赛弗吃了一块巨大的牛排，他很清楚自己的现实不是真实的，这是数字程序告诉他的大脑牛排是一个构造，而且它“多汁且美味”。在这部电影首次亮相20年后，意想不到的事情出现了:未来的现实不仅是虚拟的，而且是合成的(合成的)。Cypher未来的食物将是一种由动物细胞合成的物理食物。
这种结合不仅仅局限于晚餐。从自然界的部件开始，科学家们正在学习设计微生物和建立生物计算系统。然而，生物学倾向于以意想不到的方式进化。
人造肉就是一个很好的例子。肉类运动背后的驱动力是实际的。据估计，人工养殖(培育的)的肉类将比传统的消费动物少消耗7%至45%的能量，产生78%至96%的温室气体。但一旦我们能够合成肉，理论上，我们将有能力从任何动物身上培养肉，即使是那些我们今天从未考虑过的动物，比如海豚或黑猩猩，这将给我们带来新的监管挑战。
利用合成生物学，我们甚至可以编辑和重写生命，这种技术已经在使用中。2021年，一些国家的科学家宣布，他们培育出了注射了人类干细胞的猴子胚胎。这是一种值得考虑的情况:这样的猴与人的混合体将表现出介于人类和动物之间的某些品质，人类是不允许进行实验的，而动物通常是专门为了研究而饲养的。当动物变得太像人类时，我们将如何判断
根据你的立场，合成现实介于“非常令人兴奋”和“非常令人担忧”之间。作为个人，我们有责任对这种即将到来的合成技术做出正确的选择。

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