热点三 必背核心词汇整理
必背核心词汇 A篇 explode v.爆炸，爆破；激增；爆发 shift v.使移动，使转移；使改变意见 n.改变，转变；轮班工作时间 significant adj.显著的；重要的，意义重大的 be aware of 知道；意识到；察觉到 detect v.查明，察觉；测出，检测，识别
B篇 unavoidably adv.不可避免地；不得已地 distribution n.分发；分配，分布 species n.（动植物的）物种 advantageous adj.有利的，有益的 landscape n.风景，景色；风景画 harvest n.收获；收获量；成果 v.收割，收获；采集，搜集 complicated adj.复杂的，难处理的
C篇 necessity n.必需品，必须的事物 sustainable adj.可持续的，持续性的 ban n.禁止，禁令；逐出令 v.禁止，取缔 incredibly adv.难以置信地；非常地 demonstrate v.证明；示范，演示；游行示威 criticism n.批评，批判；意见；评论 take it for granted 认为理所当然；想当然 break down 分解；发生故障；失败；毁掉 dispose of 处理掉；解决
D篇 sort n.种类，品种 v.整理，把…分类，拣选 accumulate v.积累，积攒 mindset n.观念模式，，思维倾向
E篇 territory n.领土，版图，领地；地盘 habitat n.（动植物的）栖息地 diverse adj.不同的，各式各样的 compromise n. 折中，妥协；折中方案 v.妥协，让步热点三 环境与气候
（原卷版）
题型 语篇类型 主题语境
阅读理解A 说明文 人与自然-气候变化导致季节变化
阅读理解B 说明文 人与自然-秋冬季节北美水禽分布
五选三C 说明文 人与社会-塑料袋带来的污染
语法填空D 说明文 人与社会-垃圾分类的重要性
语法填空E 说明文 人与社会-加拿大国家公园的建立
A
（2023秋·山西阳泉·高二统考期末）Every spring, as the weather warms, trees up and down the East Coast explode in a display of bright green life as leaves fill their branches, and every fall, the same leaves provide one of nature’s great color displays of vivid yellow, orange and red.
Thanks to climate change, the timing of these events has shifted over the last two decades, Harvard scientists say.
Andrew Richardson, an associate professor of organismic and evolutionary biology, and research associate Trevor Keenan worked with colleagues from seven different institutions on a study which found that forests throughout the eastern United States are showing signs of spring growth dramatically earlier, and that the growing season in some areas extends further into the fall.
Richardson said, “Climate change isn’t just about warmer temperatures. It’s also about changes in precipitation (降水) patterns... so in the future, an earlier spring might not help forests take up more carbon dioxide if they end up running out of water in mid-summer.”
The research combined information from three sources. Using satellite data, Keenan tracked when forests across the region began to turn green in the spring, and when leaves began to turn yellow in the fall. Ground observations made every three to seven days at the Harvard Forest in Petersham and a long-term research site in New Hampshire provided information about the state of buds, leaves and branches. When combined with records from instrument towers, the data sets allowed the researchers to paint a richly detailed picture that shows spring starting earlier, and the growing season lasting longer than at any point in the past two decades.
Another important result, Richardson said, was the discovery of a significant source of error in existing computer models on how forest ecosystems work.
“This shows an opportunity to improve the models and how they simulate how forests will work under future climate scenarios forecast.” he said.
The real power of the findings, however, may be in helping to make the effects of climate change clearer to the public, the researchers said.
1．What is the reason of the earlier spring according to the Harvard scientists
A．The human activities. B．The climate change.
C．The tree growth. D．The reduction in water.
2．What can we infer from Richardson’s words in the fourth paragraph
A．An earlier spring can only bring benefits.
B．The influence of climate change is complex.
C．The water in mid-summer will increase.
D．The role of forests becomes less important.
3．What is closest in meaning to the underlined word simulate in the seventh paragraph
A．Change B．Explain C．Imitate D．Create
4．What is the real power of the findings of the research
A．It helps scientists to figure out how forest ecosystems work.
B．It reflects how the growing season is extending faster.
C．It provides an opportunity to improve the computer models.
D．It helps to make the effects of climate change clearer to the public.
5．What is the purpose of this text
A．To tell us people should be more aware of the climate change.
B．To tell us the climate change has some effects on the world.
C．To tell us the early spring in eastern USA is a good time to travel.
D．To tell us high technology is useful to detect the climate change.
B
（2023秋·河南驻马店·高二统考期末）As waterfowl (水鸟) seasons unfold each year across North America, the question “Where are the ducks ” unavoidably arises somewhere. While that seems like a straightforward, easy question, the answer is actually very complex. There are many factors that influence distribution of waterfowl in fall and winter.
Most waterfowl hunters understand the effect weather has on waterfowl migration (迁徙). Except for the few species that are hardwired for more dependable long-distance migrations, such as blue-winged teal (水鸭), waterfowl are adapted to migrating only as far as is necessary for them to find food and places to rest. Waterfowl like to wander at places without freezing temperatures and snow to cover food sources. It is advantageous for them to reduce risk of death from migration. Some birds that arrive earliest on breeding areas have access to the best regions, which results in a higher probability of nesting successfully.
Snow and ice cover and their influence on waterfowl migration are easy to understand to most duck hunters. However, what may be less understood is the trend toward warmer winters. If current climate trends continue in North America, northern regions will have less frequent ice and snow cover in future winters. So waterfowl that are adapted to staying as close to breeding areas are likely to be influenced, meaning significantly delayed fall migrations and shorter periods on southern areas.
In the past 200 years the landscapes that are most important to waterfowl have suffered huge habitat loss, with some states losing more than 90 percent of wetlands, and nearly all losing over 50 percent. Perhaps the most discouraging loss of wetlands important to wintering waterfowl has been in coastal Louisiana, where more than 40 percent of the states, approximately 3 million acres of wetlands have disappeared over the past several decades.
Changes in the number of wetlands and the trend toward warmer winters are likely enabling waterfowl to winter farther north or, at least, delaying fall migration. Unsurprisingly across most of the eastern United States’ many waterfowl hunters saw reduced harvest as a result.
6．What does the author want to tell us in paragraph 1
A．Not all people know where migrating birds fly.
B．The reasons for waterfowl distribution are puzzling.
C．It’s very easy for people to know why waterfowl migrate.
D．There are complicated factors influencing waterfowl migration.
7．What benefit is there for some birds arriving early on breeding areas
A．Having a good rest there. B．Protecting-them from hunters.
C．Getting access to the best regions. D．Decreasing risk of dying from migration.
8．What can we infer from the data in the fourth paragraph
A．Almost all the wetlands in coastal Louisiana will disappear soon.
B．Loss of wetlands important to waterfowl has been happening rapidly.
C．Habitat loss will put waterfowl in immediate danger of extinction,
D．Most states in North America have lost over 90 percent of wetlands.
9．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Where are the ducks on earth
B．How are waterfowl migrating
C．Are waterfowl migrations changing
D．Are waterfowl surviving the warmer climate
C
（2023秋·上海浦东新·高二统考期末）The Last Straw
Every second, the world uses 160,000 plastic bags — that is a total of over five trillion per year. Up to 99 percent of these plastic bags hang around for at least 1,000 years and pollute Earth. And yet, plastic bags are hardly a necessity in our lives. Of all the changes we could make to create a more sustainable lifestyle, a total ban on plastic bags should be simple.
At the beginning of 2021, Shanghai put in effect a ban on all plastic bags in shopping malls and supermarkets, as well as a ban on non-degradable plastics in many other areas. Over the years, individuals and companies have worked to replace plastic items, such as cups and straws, with paper ones. ___10___.
Customers complain that paper straws often become soft and break before they can finish their hot drinks. Experts, however, have repeatedly stressed plastic substitutes (替代品) are not the ultimate solution, and that our consumption habits need a bigger change.
In college, one of my environmental science professors promoted a type of waste-free living. She carried around a small glass jar with her, and in it was all her trash she collected for the entire year. She was able to do this by bringing her own cup to Starbucks, her own bags to the shops, and never buying anything that came wrapped in plastic. Her food waste also became compost. ___11___.
Plastic bags are incredibly easy to forget about when they become increasingly common. ___12___. Once they are in the trash, we take it for granted that they are someone else’s problem. The sad fact is that plastic bags break down into microplastics which then get mixed into the air, soil and water, and eventually end up in plants, animals, and our very own human bodies. So what are you going to do about them
A．Clearly she demonstrated our ability to live a completely healthy life without creating a great deal of plastic waste.
B．Plastic bag litter has even caused great problems in some areas.
C．If they’re free to use and easily disposed of, they’re a mere tool that we don’t have to think about.
D．Some of these decisions have been met with criticism.
E．Unfortunately, such a high level of pollution doesn’t come without consequences.
D
（2023秋·陕西西安·高二西安市第八十九中学校考期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Every day people throw away a lot of household garbage – paper, cans, kitchen waste, used batteries and glass ___13___ sorting it. There are many problems ___14___(cause) by unsorted garbage. On one hand, it's ___15___great waste of resources. On the other hand, the disposal of unsorted garbage can cause serious environmental pollution, ___16___does harm to people's health. Now our government has realized the importance of garbage sorting. So far many activities ___17___ (hold) to teach people how to sort garbage ___18___ (proper).
People in cities, like Beijing and Shanghai, are required to sort garbage into four categories - kitchen waste, dangerous waste, ___19___ (recycle) waste and other waste. Also, they can get certain points for sorting their garbage. When they accumulate enough points, they can go to the community ___20___ (exchange) them for some gifts of daily use. However, still a lot of people in China lack the ___21___ (aware) of garbage sorting. Changing people's mindsets and habits will take a long time. But once one person ____22____ (develop) the habit of garbage sorting, more may be influenced to do the same.
E
（2023秋·山西大同·高二统考期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Canada’s national parks are established ____23____ (protect) and present outstanding representative examples of natural landscapes. These wild places, ____24____ (locate) in every province and territory, range ____25____ mountains and plains to forests and lakes. National parks protect the habitats, wildlife and ecosystem ____26____ (diverse) representative of the natural regions.
Parks Canada is ____27____ (responsibility) for both protecting the ecosystems of these great natural areas and ____28____ (manage) them for visitors to understand, appreciate, and enjoy in a way ____29____ doesn’t compromise their integrity (完整). Parks Canada is working to maintain or restore the ecological integrity of national parks. Maintaining or restoring ecological integrity ____30____ (be) a challenging task that involves ____31____ good understanding of the nature of ecosystems and the stresses they face. _____32_____ (addition), it requires cooperation among people whose actions influence the ecosystems.热点三 环境与气候
（解析版）
参考答案：
1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了哈佛大学科学家们进行了一项研究，气候变化会导致季节发生变化，并能帮助公众更清楚地了解气候变化的影响。
1．细节理解题。文章第二段讲到“Thanks to climate change, the timing of these events has shifted over the last two decades, Harvard scientists say (哈佛大学的科学家表示，由于气候变化，这些事件的发生时间在过去二十年中发生了变化。)”可知，根据哈佛大学科学家的说法，早春的原因是气候变化，故选B。
2．推理判断题。文章第四段讲到“Climate change isn’t just about warmer temperatures. It’s also about changes in precipitation (降水) patterns (气候变化不仅仅是气温升高，还与降水模式的变化有关)”可知，在第四段中从理查森的话中推断出气候变化的影响是复杂的，故选B。
3．词义猜测题。文章第六段讲到“Another important result, Richardson said, was the discovery of a significant source of error in existing computer models on how forest ecosystems work. (另一个重要的结果是，在现有的计算机模型中发现了森林生态系统如何工作的一个重要错误来源)”可知，第七段中带下划线的单词所在句子This shows an opportunity to improve the models and how they simulate how forests will work under future climate scenarios forecast的意思是：这显示了一个改进模型的机会，以及它们如何模拟森林在未来气候情景预测下的工作。可知划线单词的意思最接近“模拟”，故选C。
4．细节理解题。文章最后一段讲到“The real power of the findings, however, may be in helping to make the effects of climate change clearer to the public, the researchers said. (然而，研究人员表示，这些发现的真正力量可能是帮助公众更清楚地了解气候变化的影响)”可知，研究结果的真正力量是它有助于让公众更清楚地了解气候变化的影响，故选D。
5．推理判断题。本文主要介绍了哈佛大学科学家们进行了一项研究，气候变化会导致季节发生变化，并能帮助公众更清楚地了解气候变化的影响。尤其是文章最后一段讲到“The real power of the findings, however, may be in helping to make the effects of climate change clearer to the public, the researchers said. (然而，研究人员表示，这些发现的真正力量可能是帮助公众更清楚地了解气候变化的影响)”可知，本文的目的是告诉我们，人们应该更加了解气候变化，故选A。
6．D 7．C 8．B 9．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在秋冬季节影响北美水禽分布的许多因素。
6．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“There are many factors that influence distribution of waterfowl in fall and winter.”（影响秋冬水禽分布的因素有很多。）可知，作者在第一段中想告诉我们影响水鸟迁徙的因素很复杂。故选D项。
7．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Some birds that arrive earliest on breeding areas have access to the best regions, which results in a higher probability of nesting successfully.”（一些最早到达繁殖地的鸟类可以到达最好的地区，这就导致了成功筑巢的可能性更高。）可知，一些鸟类早到繁殖地的好处是进入最好的地区。故选C项。
8．推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“Perhaps the most discouraging loss of wetlands important to wintering waterfowl has been in coastal Louisiana, where more than 40 percent of the states, approximately 3 million acres of wetlands have disappeared over the past several decades.”（对于越冬水鸟来说，最令人沮丧的湿地流失发生在沿海的路易斯安那州，在过去的几十年里，该州超过40%的湿地，大约300万英亩的湿地消失了。）可知，从第四段中的数据中可以推断出对水禽至关重要的湿地正在迅速消失。故选B项。
9．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Changes in the number of wetlands and the trend toward warmer winters are likely enabling waterfowl to winter farther north or, at least, delaying fall migration. Unsurprisingly across most of the eastern United States’ many waterfowl hunters saw reduced harvest as a result.”（湿地数量的变化和暖冬的趋势很可能使水鸟在更北的地方过冬，或者至少推迟了秋季迁徙。在美国东部大部分地区，许多水禽猎人因此看到了减产。）可知，文章主要是讲水鸟迁徙的变化。故选C项。
10．D 11．A 12．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了塑料袋在我们的生活中不是必需品，但同时塑料袋也带来了污染问题。
10．根据上文“At the beginning of 2021, Shanghai put in effect a ban on all plastic bags in shopping malls and supermarkets, as well as a ban on non-degradable plastics in many other areas. Over the years, individuals and companies have worked to replace plastic items, such as cups and straws, with paper ones.(2021年初，上海开始在商场和超市禁止使用所有塑料袋，并在许多其他地区禁止使用不可降解塑料。多年来，个人和公司一直在努力用纸质物品取代杯子和吸管等塑料物品)”可知，上文提到“多年来，个人和公司一直在努力用纸质物品取代杯子和吸管等塑料物品”，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文说明人们对这些决定的看法。故D选项“这些决定中的一些遭到了批评”符合语境，故选D。
11．根据上文“In college, one of my environmental science professors promoted a type of waste-free living. She carried around a small glass jar with her, and in it was all her trash she collected for the entire year. She was able to do this by bringing her own cup to Starbucks, her own bags to the shops, and never buying anything that came wrapped in plastic. Her food waste also became compost.(大学时，我的一位环境科学教授提倡一种无浪费的生活方式。她随身带着一个小玻璃罐，里面装着她一年来收集的所有垃圾。她能够做到这一点，她自己带杯子去星巴克，自己带袋子去商店，从来不买任何塑料包装的东西。她的食物垃圾也变成了堆肥)”可知，上文提到食物垃圾也变成了堆肥，本句为本段最后一句，说明环境科学教授的实验结果：证明了我们有能力在不制造大量塑料垃圾的情况下过上完全健康的生活。故A选项“显然，她证明了我们有能力在不制造大量塑料垃圾的情况下过上完全健康的生活”符合语境，故选A。
12．根据上文“Plastic bags are incredibly easy to forget about when they become increasingly common.(当塑料袋变得越来越普遍时，它们非常容易被遗忘)”以及后文“Once they are in the trash, we take it for granted that they are someone else’s problem. The sad fact is that plastic bags break down into microplastics which then get mixed into the air, soil and water, and eventually end up in plants, animals, and our very own human bodies. So what are you going to do about them (一旦它们被扔进垃圾桶，我们就理所当然地认为它们是别人的问题。令人遗憾的是，塑料袋会分解成微塑料，然后混合到空气、土壤和水中，最终进入植物、动物和我们自己的身体。那你打算怎么做呢？)”可知，上文提到了塑料袋容易被遗忘，后文则说“被扔进垃圾桶，我们就理所当然地认为它们是别人的问题”，可见本句是在说明使用垃圾袋时需要注意的问题。故C选项“如果它们可以自由使用，而且很容易被处理掉，它们只是一个我们不需要考虑的工具”符合语境，故选C。
13．without 14．caused 15．a 16．which 17．have been held 18．properly 19．recyclable 20．to exchange 21．awareness 22．develops
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了没有分类的垃圾造成了环境污染，且对人的健康有害。在上海、北京等一些大城市已经开始实行垃圾分类，并通过一些政策鼓励市民将垃圾进行分类处理。
13．考查介词。句意：每天人们都要扔很多没有分类的垃圾——纸张、易拉罐、厨余垃圾、废电池和玻璃。根据句意和句子结构可知，此处用介词without“没有”符合语境，故填without。
14．考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，逻辑主语problems和cause之间是被动关系，应用过去分词，故填caused。
15．考查冠词。此处是固定表达a waste of“一个……的浪费”，故填a。
16．考查定语从句。分析句子可知，此处是非限制性定语从句的关系词，先行词 environmental pollution在从句中充当主语，应用关系代词which/that，又非限中不能使用that，故填which。
17．考查时态和语态。分析句子可知，此处是句子谓语动词，由so far判断为现在完成时，主语activities和hold之间是被动关系，应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语复数，故填have been held。
18．考查副词。分析句子可知，此处应用副词修饰动词sort，故填properly。
19．考查形容词。分析句子可知，此处应用形容词修饰名词waste，recyclable“可回收的”，故填recyclable。
20．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们积累足够的积分时，就可以去社区交换用于日常使用的礼物。根据句意和句子结构可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语，故填to exchange。
21．考查名词。分析句子可知，此处应用名词作为lack的宾语，“意识”是抽象名词，不可数，故填awareness。
22．考查谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处是从句谓语动词，由下文的may be influenced和主将从现原则判断此处应用一般现在时，主语one person是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用三单，故填develops。
23．to protect 24．located 25．from 26．diversity 27．responsible 28．managing 29．that/which 30．is 31．a 32．Additionally
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了加拿大国家公园的建立是为了保护和展示自然景观的杰出代表。这些野生的地方，分布在每个省和地区，从山脉、平原到森林和湖泊。国家公园保护自然区域的栖息地、野生动物和生态系统的多样性。
23．考查动词不定式。句意：加拿大国家公园的建立是为了保护和展示自然景观的杰出代表。分析句子可知，此处为动词不定式to do表示“为了……”作目的状语，满足句意要求。故填to protect。
24．考查非谓语动词。句意：这些野生的地方，分布在每个省和地区，从山脉、平原到森林和湖泊。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰wild places，因wild places和动词locate为被动关系，所以为过去分词形式。故填located。
25．考查介词。句意：这些野生的地方，分布在每个省和地区，从山脉、平原到森林和湖泊。根据句意可知，此处为动词短语range from...to...“从……到……范围”，满足句意要求，所以此处为介词from的填入。故填from。
26．考查名词。句意：国家公园保护自然区域的栖息地、野生动物和生态系统的多样性。由and连接的wildlife和habitats为名词可知，此处也应为名词形式，构成并列宾语作动词protect的宾语成分。故填diversity。
27．考查形容词。句意：加拿大国家公园既负责保护这些伟大自然地区的生态系统，又负责管理它们，让游客在不损害它们完整性的情况下了解、欣赏和享受它们。根据句意可知，此处为动词短语be responsible for“对……负责”，形容词作表语。故填responsible。
28．考查动名词。句意：加拿大国家公园既负责保护这些伟大自然地区的生态系统，又负责管理它们，让游客在不损害它们完整性的情况下了解、欣赏和享受它们。both...and...连接两个并列的成分，根据前问的protecting为动名词可知，此处也应为动名词形式。故填managing。
29．考查定语从句。句意：加拿大国家公园既负责保护这些伟大自然地区的生态系统，又负责管理它们，让游客在不损害它们完整性的情况下了解、欣赏和享受它们。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词a way在从句中作主语成分，应用关系代词that/which引导。故填that/which。
30．考查主谓一致。句意：维持或恢复生态完整性是一项具有挑战性的任务，需要对生态系统的性质及其面临的压力有很好的理解。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，由 or连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据就近原则来确定，该句离谓语动词较近的主语restoring为动名词形式，所以谓语动词为单数形式。故填is。
31．考查冠词。句意：维持或恢复生态完整性是一项具有挑战性的任务，需要对生态系统的性质及其面临的压力有很好的理解。结合句意可知，此处考查固定短语a good understanding of“对……更好的理解”。故填a。
32．考查副词。句意：此外，它需要人们之间的合作，他们的行为会影响生态系统。分析句子可知，此处为副词作状语修饰整个句子。故填Additionally。

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